It would fit , but at 55k psi , l'd have to look into it , and think a lot .
I've run 9x23 Win in 1911 38 Super barrels with no issues other than greater recoil.
In ammunition manufacturing, proof load test pressures are generally significantly higher—typically ranging from 1.25 to 1.5 times the maximum average pressure—placing .38 Super proof loads in the neighborhood of 45,600 to 54,750 psi. The standard SAAMI +P .38 Super presser is 36,500 psi.
For the 9x23 Winchester, to safely handle 55,000 psi—a pressure level matching rifle cartridges—the 9x23 features a deliberately thickened case head and case walls.
So between the .38 Super cylinder being able handle proof loads & "Winchester-loaded" 9x23 Winchester factory load there's a safety margin built in.
BTW - Proof pressures for the .357 mag is 56,565 psi so I doubt the .38 Super cylinder is made from a weaker steel than the others.
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