Good focused article by Dabbs, however there is a notable inaccuracy.
U.S. Navy battleships and cruisers during World War II did not use steam catapults. Instead, they used gunpowder-fired catapults, most notably the Type P Mark 6, which used a propellant cartridge derived from a standard 5-inch (127mm) naval gun shell to launch floatplanes (such as the Vought OS2U Kingfisher or Curtiss SOC Seagull).
Key Details of WWII Battleship & Cruiser Catapults:
Power Source: Gunpowder-fired cartridges stored safely in ship magazines, avoiding the need for heavy air compressors, high-pressure storage tanks, or steam plumbing.
Performance: The Type P Mark 6 could accelerate a roughly 3.25-ton floatplane up to a launch speed of 61 knots within a very short track distance (about 20 yards).
Historical Context: While WWII aircraft carriers primarily used hydraulic catapults (or deck-run takeoffs), steam catapults were not adopted by the U.S. Navy until the 1950s after being developed and refined by the British post-war.
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