The 38 Auto and 38 Super are identical in size. The 38 Super was developed by simply adding more powder to the 38 Auto. However, the pressure difference is dramatic. While its completely safe to shoot 38 Auto in a 38 Super, its dangerous to try to shoot 38 Super in a 38 Auto. Don't do it.
For this reason all 38 Super ammo is marked +P even though its standard pressure for that cartridge. The +P designation is to warn people not to use this ammo in a 38 Auto.
As for headspacing, the 38 Super is a semi-rimmed cartridge. Originally guns were built to headspace on that tiny rim. This resulted in less than stellar accuracy. I believe it was in the 1970s that Barsto began making barrels that headspaced on the case mouth like other semi-auto cartridges. Accuracy greatly improved and soon most makers had changed to headspacing on the case mouth. However, Colt proved to be stubborn. They didn't make the change until sometime in the mid to late-80s.
As for converting a 9mm 1911 to 38 Super, I have done two. All that is required is a 38 Super barrel and magazine. Its possible you may need to change the recoil spring, but not necessarily as 1911s in 9mm and 38 Super use the same recommended weight spring.
The first was the RIA Tact II. I simply ordered a 38 Super barrel directly from RIA. It was almost a drop in requiring very little fitting. I did this one myself.
The second is my current project gun that isn't quite perfected yet. I started with a Ruger SR1911 lightweight Commander in 9mm. These come with a Nowlin style ramped barrel. I got the barrel from Barsto. This required a full fitting. Fortunately, I have a good friend who is a very skilled 1911 gunsmith who did this work for me.
Right now I'm experimenting with recoil springs. Once I get that where I want it, this gun will become my new EDC.